Add Backs: What Are They?

Understanding the seller’s true Net income


A deeper understanding of which seller expenses can be added back to the bottom line realistically.


The prospective buyer of an auto repair shop for sale in California noticed, while conducting Due Diligence noticed that an office assistant was listed on the payroll. But he'd visited the business as a customer and had never seen anyone working in the office.

When inquiring about this, he learned that a "salary" of $1,500 per month was being paid to the seller's sister-in-law, and that she was listed as an office assistant, but didn't actually work at the company.

That's an "add-back" and it should be included with net income the seller said.

The buyer was troubled by this discovery. Also confusing was the seller's assertion that auto expenses, such as gas and insurance charged off as business costs, should be added back to profits.

These are just two examples of the many questions and sources of confusions that can surface when trying to understand the actual costs involved with operation of a business. The confusion comes about because many, if not most sellers attempt to show as little income as possible to reduce the taxes that have to be paid. Then, when it's time to sell, the business owner has the opposite objective, wanting to show as much earnings as possible to justify the price being asked for the business.

The typical way of resolving this dilemma is for the seller to point out the costs charged to the business but not really necessary to operate.

Good examples of these expenses are the owner’s personal expenses paid through the business amongst other items.

These explanations, however, sometimes raise more questions than they answer.

When the buyer who was investigating the business  looked into what the seller was saying, he learned that although there was no one physically present in the office during business hours, it was necessary to have someone handling office work. The sister in law came in on evenings or weekends to balance the company check book, verify that all parts ordered were charged against repair orders, to compare vendor statements with individual invoices, handle payroll and sales tax responsibilities and take care of related duties.

And while it was true that the seller was charging the business for his personal auto expenses, it also was the fact that the car was used for needed business activities such as picking up parts and taking customers to their home or office.

A well prepared adjusted profit and loss statement anticipates buyer questions and clearly defines what expenses on the operating statement are, and what are not necessary for efficient management of the business. 

But not every seller knows how to provide that information in a way that's easy to understand. And not everyone is willing to engage in full and complete disclosure.

It's up to the careful buyer to question every item on the income and expense statement. And to ask questions such as:

- Is each itemized expense necessary in order to operate the business properly?

- Is the listed total for each item the actual expense, or is the real cost lower, or higher than what has been entered in the books?

The smart business buyer does not accept, without question, the figures listed in the P&L and financials of a company being considered, but does some investigating to learn what the figures actually represent.
Part of the Business Brokers job is to question the seller about each items to determine if the expense is a “true business expense” or is it an expense that is necessary to run the business.

A competent Business Broker will review the seller’s P & L’s and “recast” the numbers by adding back the “non-essential expenses” that were paid through the business in order to arrive at an Adjusted net income  for the business.

Buyers will find that 98% of small business owners have some type of add back and should not walk away from the business if they are satisfied with the seller’s explanations of the “add backs”.

Recent Articles For You

By Kim Santos April 21, 2025
Value Builder Analytics, drawing on proprietary data from over 80,000 business owners, found that companies that can run without the owner for at least three months are twice as likely to receive an acquisition offer above 6x EBITDA. The concept is simple. The execution? Not so much. Take Kristie Shifflette for example. She was an early master franchisee with Orangetheory Fitness, a one-hour, coach-led workout that uses heart rate zones to boost calorie burn during and after exercise. When she opened her first location, she did it all—marketing, hiring, payroll, and even handling construction headaches. It worked but only because she was working constantly. As she expanded, things started to break. With two locations, she was stretched. At three, it became clear: The model only worked when Kristie was the model. She knew she needed to change. Kristie stopped focusing on being in the business and started focusing on building the business. From Operator to Owner Kristie started documenting everything. From pre-sale processes to day-to-day studio operations, Kristie developed detailed playbooks that codified exactly how her Orangetheory locations should run—without her. She created a compensation structure for studio managers that gave them ownership over their results: modest base salaries paired with meaningful bonuses tied to net member growth and total revenue. Top-performing managers could double their pay, and they were treated like mini-CEOs with full responsibility for their studio’s performance. By the time she sold her business, Kristie had built a company with 13 locations generating well north of $10 million in annual revenue. Some of her top-performing studios, like the Chapel Hill location, were bringing in revenue of $2 million a year, with EBITDA margins around 40%.  Kristie’s story includes an important lesson: Make yourself less essential, and your business becomes more valuable. If you’re still the one opening the door in the morning and locking up at night—literally or metaphorically—it’s worth asking: What would break if I stepped away for 90 days? Start there. Whether it’s building a playbook, empowering your team, or simply learning to let go, taking even one step toward reducing your involvement makes your company not just more valuable but more enjoyable to own.
By Kim Santos April 14, 2025
For business owners considering their endgame, learning what makes a company valuable can feel overwhelming. Buyers prioritize factors like recurring revenue, a differentiated product or service, and a leadership team that operates independently from the owner. If a business doesn’t check every box, it can seem as though selling is perpetually just out of reach. But perfection is not a prerequisite for a sale. While improving the key drivers of value is important, an imperfect business can still be highly desirable to the right buyer. In fact, some acquirers actively look for businesses with fixable flaws because they see an opportunity to increase value. Blake Hutchison on Why Imperfections Can Be to an Acquirer’s Advantage Blake Hutchison, CEO of Flippa, has witnessed thousands of business acquisitions. Flippa is an online marketplace where business owners can buy and sell companies, particularly small to mid-sized digital businesses. The platform connects sellers with buyers looking for opportunities to grow or optimize an acquisition. In a recent Built to Sell Radio interview, Hutchison explained that many business owners assume their company won’t attract buyers because it has shortcomings. In reality, most acquirers aren’t looking for perfection—they’re looking for potential. Many buyers have a strategic advantage, whether it’s a strong distribution network, operational expertise, or access to capital, that allows them to take an imperfect business and make it more valuable. A prime example of this is the acquisition of PetCoach. How PetCoach Turned an Imperfection into a Selling Point PetCoach, co-founded by Brock Weatherup, was a two-sided marketplace designed to connect pet owners with veterinarians. The challenge for any marketplace business is keeping both sides in balance—generating enough demand from pet owners while ensuring there are enough veterinarians to meet that demand. PetCoach had built a strong product, but it lacked a broad distribution channel to acquire pet owners at scale. Without a solution, growth would remain limited. Instead of seeing this as a dealbreaker, Weatherup positioned it as an opportunity for the right buyer. That buyer was Petco. With more than 1,500 locations across the U.S., Mexico, and Puerto Rico, Petco had access to millions of pet owners. By acquiring PetCoach, Petco could instantly expand its offerings while solving PetCoach’s biggest challenge. Weatherup didn’t need to fix the scalability issue before selling. He needed to find an acquirer for whom the business’s weakness was actually a competitive advantage. Your Business Has Value—Even if It’s Not Perfect This doesn’t mean business owners should ignore the fundamentals of value creation. Strengthening factors like recurring revenue, customer retention, and operational efficiency will always increase a company’s attractiveness. However, not every issue needs to be resolved before an exit.  Instead of viewing imperfections as obstacles, business owners should consider how an acquirer might perceive them: A company struggling with customer acquisition may be a great fit for a buyer with an established customer base. A business with inefficient operations might attract an acquirer with expertise in streamlining processes. A company overly dependent on its owner could be appealing to a buyer with a strong leadership team ready to step in. As Blake Hutchison explains, acquirers are often looking for businesses where they can add value. The key is to position the company in a way that highlights its strengths while framing its imperfections as untapped potential. The right acquirer won’t see weaknesses as dealbreakers—they’ll see them as opportunities.
By Kim Santos April 7, 2025
Supplier risk can erode the value of your company. When a potential acquirer examines your business, they look for red flags. A major one: relying too heavily on a single supplier—whether that’s a sole raw material provider or a platform like Amazon that controls your primary sales channel. If that key supplier vanishes or changes terms, your profits might vanish as well. This risk often leads to lower valuations in the eyes of buyers. Why Supplier Risk Hurts Valuation Over-dependence on one supplier—or on a single selling channel—makes you vulnerable. Buyers don’t like gambling on a business that hinges on factors outside the owner’s control. If an online marketplace tweaks its algorithm or suspends your account, your revenue may plummet. Acquirers see this fragility and adjust their offer downward. Adi Gullia’s Diversification Example Entrepreneur Adi Gullia saw this firsthand. He built his beauty brand, Grace & Stella, on Amazon’s platform. At first, it looked like a goldmine—his foot-peeling mask soared to $100,000 in monthly sales within nine months. Yet Adi recognized the risk. He knew Amazon could change rules or restrict listings at any moment, putting his entire business at risk. Instead of waiting for that to happen, Adi expanded. He forged relationships with subscription box partners to reach new customers outside Amazon’s control. Next he launched his own ecommerce site, selling directly to consumers. Adi also ventured into retail, signing a major deal with Target. These partnerships allowed him to diversify his revenue streams and build a more resilient business. Retailers like Target appreciated Grace & Stella’s success on Amazon, which served as proof of demand. By reducing his dependence on any single channel, Adi created a business that acquirers found far more appealing. The Impact on Valuation When it came time to sell, Adi’s diversification efforts paid off. His company fetched a valuation of 5.8 times EBITDA—a significant premium over what a typical Amazon reseller might expect. Most Amazon-only brands are valued at three to four times EBITDA, reflecting the higher risks tied to their reliance on the platform. Buyers of Amazon-centric businesses worry about potential account suspensions, de-listings, or increased competition driving down margins. Adi’s diversified revenue streams mitigated these risks, making his business more stable and attractive to acquirers. Practical Steps to Lower Supplier Risk 1. Add Channels : If you rely on one marketplace, consider starting your own ecommerce store. Test alternative platforms or retail partners. 2. Secure Multiple Suppliers : If raw materials come from one producer, find a backup or two. Even if your costs rise slightly, you’re buying peace of mind. 3. Build Direct Relationships : Capture customer data through your own site. Invest in ways to reach buyers directly—email, social media, subscriptions—so no single platform can cut you off from your audience. Conclusion Supplier risk is a value killer. Buyers pay less for a company balanced on a single weak pillar. Don’t let one supplier or one platform control your future. Take a page from Adi Gullia’s playbook. By branching out to retail with Target, leveraging subscription boxes, and launching an ecommerce site, he reduced his supplier risk. These moves not only stabilized his business but also helped him command a premium valuation. At 5.8 times EBITDA, Adi’s sale was far above the norm for Amazon resellers—proof that diversification strengthens both your business and its ultimate value.